%0 Journal Article %9 News %A Hopkins, W.G. %T Performance gene discovered %J Sportsci %B Sportscience %V 2 %N 4 %P sportsci.org/jour/9804/brief.html#gene (475 words) %D 1998 %O Physiology and Physical Education, University of Otago, Dunedin 9001, New Zealand. Email: will.hopkins=AT=otago.ac.nz %K ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme, endurance, performance, training %0 Journal Article %9 News %A Seiler, S. %T Skeleton in the freezer %J Sportsci %B Sportscience %V 2 %N 4 %P sportsci.org/jour/9804/brief.html#freeze %D 1998 %O Institute for Sport, Agder College, 4604 Kristiansand, Norway. Email: stephen.seiler=AT=hia.no. %K blood tests, EPO, erythropoietin %0 Journal Article %9 News %A Hatfield, F.C. %T One set or more? %J Sportsci %B Sportscience %V 2 %N 4 %P sportsci.org/jour/9804/brief.html#sets (734 words) %D 1998 %O International Sports Sciences Association, Santa Barbara, California 93101. Email: drsquat=AT=issaonline.com %K high-intensity training, HIT, strength training %0 Journal Article %9 News %A Hopkins, W.G. %T What's worth monitoring? %J Sportsci %B Sportscience %V 2 %N 4 %P sportsci.org/jour/9804/brief.html#monitor (743 words) %D 1998 %O Physiology and Physical Education, University of Otago, Dunedin 9001, New Zealand. Email: will.hopkins=AT=otago.ac.nz %K blood lactate, maximum oxygen consumption, performance tests, reliability, training %0 Journal Article %9 News, Conference Report %A Stewart, A.M. %A Kagaki, H. %T Making a splash: the VIII International Symposium of Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming, Jyvaskyla, Finland %J Sportsci %B Sportscience %V 2 %N 4 %P sportsci.org/jour/9804/ams.html (3284 words) %D 1998 %O Scottish Institute of Sports Medicine and Sports Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland. Corresponding author: andy.stewart=AT=strath.ac.uk %O Faculty of Education, Mie University, Tsu, Japan %X Topics in this report: intensity and tapering, historical perspectives, technique and efficiency, training load model, 3-D techniques, altitude, drafting, swim tests, training & performance, estimating hydrodynamic forces, reducing drag during glides, flume swimming. %K biomechanics, efficiency, history, performance tests, training %0 Journal Article %9 News %A Daley, K. %T Moving Together: Newsletter 22 %J Sportsci %B Sportscience %V 2 %N 4 %P sportsci.org/news/movetoge/mt22.html %D 1999 %O Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Maharishi University of Management, Fairfield, Iowa, USA 52557. Email: kdaley=AT=mum.edu %X Topics in this newsletter: Health and fitness library, author copyright ownership, synchronized swimming in Ontario, new search engine, computerized grading of essays... %K Internet, kinesiology, news, physical education %0 Journal Article %9 News %A Daley, K. %T Moving Together: Newsletter 21 %J Sportsci %B Sportscience %V 2 %N 4 %P sportsci.org/news/movetoge/mt21.html %D 1999 %O Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Maharishi University of Management, Fairfield, Iowa, USA 52557. Email: kdaley=AT=mum.edu %X Topics in this newsletter: Universities world-wide, lecture notes, electronic journal support, disabled sports in Ontario, volleyball discussion list... %K Internet, kinesiology, news, physical education %0 Journal Article %9 Perspective %A Martin, D.T. %A Hahn, A.G. %A Ryan-Tanner, R. %A Yates, K. %A Lee, H. %T Smith, J.A. %J Sportsci %B Sportscience %V 2 %N 4 %P sportsci.org/jour/9804/dtm.html (1791 words) %D 1998 %O Department of Physiology and Applied Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Belconnen 2616, Australia. Corresponding author: dmartin=AT=ausport.gov.au %X Scientists at the Australian Institute of Sport have developed a jacket for pre-cooling athletes before endurance events in the heat. The jackets are made from wet-suit material and are packed with ice. Athletes who wore the jackets at the Atlanta Olympics probably boosted their output power by 1-2%. %K clothing, environment, heat, performance enhancement, pre-cooling %0 Journal Article %9 Perspective %A Katch, F.I. %T History Makers: Justus von Liebig %J Sportsci %B Sportscience %V 2 %N 4 %P sportsci.org/news/history/liebig/liebig.html %D 1998 %O Department of Exercise Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Maryland, USA 01003. Email: fkatch=AT=excsci.umass.edu %K exercise nutrition, protein %0 Journal Article %9 Perspective %A Katch, F.I. %T History Makers: Russel Henry Chittenden %J Sportsci %B Sportscience %V 2 %N 4 %P sportsci.org/news/history/chittenden/chittenden.html %D 1998 %O Department of Exercise Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Maryland, USA 01003. Email: fkatch=AT=excsci.umass.edu %K energy balance, exercise nutrition, protein, training %0 Journal Article %9 Review %A Noakes, T.D. %T Sudden death and exercise %J Sportsci %B Sportscience %V 2 %N 4 %P sportsci.org/jour/9804/tdn.html (6281 words) %D 1998 %O Physiology, University of Cape Town Medical School, Observatory 7925, South Africa. Email: noakes=AT=iafrica.com %X Sudden death in athletes will always be an emotive topic, for it suggests that athleticism may not prevent the development of heart disease and may actually increase the likelihood that the athlete will die suddenly during exercise. Persons who die suddenly during exercise have advanced heart disease of which they are frequently unaware. The commonest forms of heart disease associated with sudden death during exercise are coronary artery disease and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Less common cardiac conditions linked to sudden death in athletes include anomalous origin of the coronary arteries, aortic rupture associated with Marfan's syndrome, myocarditis, mitral valve prolapse and various arrhythmias. The incidence of these predisposing diseases in the athletic population is extremely low, possibly of the order of 1 per 10,000 to 1 per 200,000 athletes. Detection of some of these conditions in asymptomatic athletes may be difficult, if not impossible. Regular exercise reduces the overall risk of sudden death in persons with latent coronary artery disease, yet acutely increases the risk of sudden death during exercise for those with heart disease that predisposes to sudden death. In practical terms, only athletes with symptoms or clinical signs of, or risk factors for coronary or other forms of heart disease should undergo routine maximal exercise testing when they commence an exercise training program. However, once symptoms suggestive of cardiac disease are present in athletes, detailed cardiological testing is mandatory. %K cardiomyopathy, coronary heart disease, strenuous exercise %0 Journal Article %9 Review %A Swain, D.P. %T Cycling uphill and downhill %J Sportsci %B Sportscience %V 2 %N 4 %P sportsci.org/jour/9804/dps.html (2650 words) %D 1998 %O Wellness Institute and Research Center, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529. Email: dswain=AT=odu.edu %X The primary forces a cyclist must overcome are air resistance and gravity. Air resistance increases exponentially with speed. In the transition from cycling on a flat road to climbing a hill, the decreased speed reduces air resistance to the point where drafting other riders provides little benefit. At this point, smaller cyclists, who tend to have superior power-to-weight ratios, will be able to break away from the peloton. Climbing ability can be enhanced by minimizing weight, and also by pedaling at a consistently high cadence. Large cyclists can achieve greater downhill speeds, but on hilly courses smaller cyclists still have an advantage. Using a variable power strategy enhances overall performance: increasing effort slightly on uphills and compensating with decreased effort on downhills. On steep descents it is necessary to pedal only at the start and when coming out of turns to achieve terminal velocity quickly. %K air resistance, cadence, drafting, pace %0 Journal Article %9 Review %A Hopkins, W.G. %T Measurement of training in competitive sports %J Sportsci %B Sportscience %V 2 %N 4 %P sportsci.org/jour/9804/wgh.html (5463 words) %D 1998 %O Physiology and Physical Education, University of Otago, Dunedin 9001, New Zealand. Email: will.hopkins=AT=otago.ac.nz %X Training is a complex behavior, because it varies over a time frame ranging from seconds to years. There are three methods for measuring training: direct observation of training in progress or recorded on video; physiological monitoring of oxygen uptake, heart rate, or blood lactate; and subjective recording via diaries or questionnaire. Direct observation is suitable for assessing short intervals of training, from a single movement through a training session. Physiological monitoring is suitable only for measuring intensity of training maintained at a steady intensity for at least several minutes. Diaries and questionnaires have the potential to record the full complexity of training behavior over longer time frames, but the validity of the derived measures may be uncertain. The best global measure of training load is probably the sum of duration multiplied by intensity, which is proportional to energy expenditure. %K heart rate, blood lactate, methods, periodization, physiological monitoring, questionnaires